Software development terminology chaos

Standard Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Waterfall, Spiral, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Rational Unified Process (RUP), Microsoft Solution Framework (MSF)...
Prototyping, Object-oriented (O-O), Agile
SCRUM, XP

So many terms, but what is the core knowledge? How to distinguish frameworks, methodologies, approaches? ...

I am confused at the moment but here are some random thoughts:

SDLC defince basic activities in project. "Waterfall" (commonly misunderstood) adds additional decision points and feedback loops. Spiral methodology allow continious endless product evolution as a recognition that end result is always unknown. RAD emphasis flexibility and observe-adapt circles thru short iterations and prototyping. Iterative and incremental life circles are core ideas for all modern software methodologies.

Looks like RUP and MSF are frameworks that follow RAD methodology. But different approaches could be applied while using these frameworks. Like RUP can be executed both as traditional approach and as agile approach.

Why "traditional" methodology SDLC is so popular? Just because organizations need to understand when will they get specific functionality and how to budget and manage accordingly.

SCRUM is just set of clearly formulated rules to apply that are formulated so that should be clear even for for dummies, but generally speaking this is an instance of iterative, incremental RAD methodology plus concrete approach with set of defined practices.

What I don't like in scrum that it prescribe too many practices. Development methodology should inspire, not prescribe. It should be like a toolbox of best practices to choose from. Software development projects are not repeatable. Every time you have to build a new process for new project.

May be one of the key innovation ideas behind Agile approaches is a backlog (in SCRUM terms). This is an approach how to manage projects according to prioritized list of missed things, not according to predefined plan.

Observation-adaptation circles, collective decision making (without Project Manager) are well known generic management practices.